- Interference occurs when a substance or process falsely alters an assay result
- Interferences are classified as endogenous or exogenous
- Endogenous interference originates from substances present in the patient’s own specimen
- Exogenous interferences are substances introduced into the patient’s specimen
Accordingly, What are interfering substances? Those substances which give a similar response to the ion being measured and whose presence generally results in an apparent increase in the activity (or concentration) of the ion to be determined (eg Na for the Ca electrode)
How can we eliminate interference in an experiment? If the sample components cause the multiplicative (specific) interferences, they can be eliminated by another calibration approach—the standard addition method (SAM) [2, 3]
What is clinical interference? In clinical chemistry, interference is defined as a cause of medically significant difference in the measurand test result due to another component or property of the sample
Therefore What are the interferences of drugs and substances in blood? Interferences are substances such as lipids, free hemoglobin and bilirubin (also globulins and drugs) which affect the results of clinical pathologic tests, as they are being performed
What are the possible interference that can be found in plasma of patients?
Interferents may originate from endogenous and exogenous sources: Metabolites produced in pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus Compounds introduced during patient treatment like drugs, plasma expanders, and anticoagulants Substances ingested by the patient like alcohol or nutritional supplements
What is an interfering ion?
Interfering radicals are those which interfere in qualitative tests while performing salt analysis Interfering radicals are oxalate, tartrate, fluoride, borate and phosphate and they are anionic radicals They form complex compounds with third group reagents like ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide
What is the most common cause of hemolysis?
One cause of hemolysis is the action of hemolysins, toxins that are produced by certain pathogenic bacteria or fungi Another cause is intense physical exercise Hemolysins damage the red blood cell’s cytoplasmic membrane, causing lysis and eventually cell death
Hemolysis | |
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Causes | Osmosis |
Why does hemolysis cause interference in results?
HEMOLYSIS MECHANISMS Inside the red blood cell there are several analytes with higher concentration than in the surrounding fluid Thus, their release as a result of hemolysis generates a positive interference on the relevant assays, causing overestimation of the real values
What are the signs and symptoms of hemolysis?
Hemolysis refers to the destruction of red blood cells (RBCs) Typically, RBCs can live for up to 120 days before the body naturally destroys them
Possible symptoms may include :
- paleness
- fatigue
- dizziness
- heart palpitations
- jaundice
- headache
- enlarged spleen
- enlarged liver
What drugs can cause hemolytic anemia?
Drugs that can cause this type of hemolytic anemia include:
- Cephalosporins (a class of antibiotics), most common cause
- Dapsone
- Levodopa
- Levofloxacin
- Methyldopa
- Nitrofurantoin
- Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
- Penicillin and its derivatives
What are the signs and symptoms of hemolytic anemia?
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia Signs and Symptoms
- Chills
- Fast heartbeat, known as tachycardia
- Pale skin that may start to yellow
- Shortness of breath
- Weakness and fatigue
- Chest pain
- Yellow skin or whites of the eyes (jaundice)
- Dark urine
What are three causes of hemolysis?
Causes of hemolysis
- Hemolysis can be caused by:
- Shaking the tube too hard
- Using a needle that is too small
- Pulling back too hard on a syringe plunger
- Pushing on a syringe plunger too hard when expelling blood into a collection device
What blood tests are affected by hemolysis?
It falsely decreases values such as RBC’s, HCT, and aPTT It can also falsely elevate potassium, ammonia, magnesium, phosphorus, AST, ALT, LDH and PT
Who is most at risk for hemolytic anemia?
The risk of autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be higher in those who have:
- Been taking certain medicines
- Infections such as: Mononucleosis Atypical pneumonia
- Certain cancers: Leukemia
- Collagen-vascular (autoimmune) diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus
- A family history of hemolytic disease
Can Dehydration cause high hemoglobin?
Does dehydration cause high hemoglobin? Dehydration can make you have a high hemoglobin level on a blood test because it causes you to have a low fluid blood volume compared to your number of red blood cells, but it does not make the number of red blood cells increase
What foods to avoid when hemoglobin is high?
Foods to avoid
- tea and coffee
- milk and some dairy products
- foods that contain tannins, such as grapes, corn, and sorghum
- foods that contain phytates or phytic acid, such as brown rice and whole-grain wheat products
- foods that contain oxalic acid, such as peanuts, parsley, and chocolate
Does drinking water affect hemoglobin level?
A steady intake of water increases hemoglobin indices, such as the MCH and MCHC, and decreases the MPV
What level of hemoglobin is concerning?
What hemoglobin levels are considered severe or dangerously low? A hemoglobin level of less than 50 grams per deciliter (g/dl) is dangerous and could lead to heart failure or death A normal hemoglobin level is 132–166 grams per deciliter (g/dL) for males and 116–15 g/dL for females
How can I lower my hemoglobin fast?
5 Ways To Lower Your A1C
- Diet The most impactful changes you can make for your blood sugar levels are dietary, specifically cutting back on or eliminating your sugar and starch consumption
- Exercise Exercise naturally fires up your body’s insulin activity
- Weight Loss
- Medication
- Manage stress and mental health
Does drinking water lower hemoglobin?
A steady intake of water increases hemoglobin indices, such as the MCH and MCHC, and decreases the MPV As shown in Table 1, at the end of the study period, WBC, RBC, and platelet counts increased in the experimental group, as did hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, although the increases were not significant ( p >005)
What are the symptoms of high hemoglobin?
Common symptoms of high Hgb levels include:
- itchiness
- headache
- dizziness
- getting easily bruised or bleeding
- sweating more than usual
- painful joint swelling
- abnormal weight loss
- a yellow tint to the eyes and skin (jaundice)
What medication is used to treat high hemoglobin?
Epoetin alfa products are in a class of medications called erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) They work by causing the bone marrow (soft tissue inside the bones where blood is made) to make more red blood cells
What causes lipemic blood?
The most common preanalytical cause of lipemic samples is inadequate time of blood sampling after the meal or parenteral administration of synthetic lipid emulsions
What does it mean when a blood sample is lipemic?
Lipemia is defined as visible turbidity in serum or plasma samples due to the presence of lipoprotein particles, especially chylomicrons The most common cause of turbidity is a high concentration of triglycerides [1,2]
What are the symptoms of high lipids?
Common symptoms of these conditions include:
- leg pain, especially when walking or standing
- chest pain
- tightness or pressure in the chest and shortness of breath
- pain, tightness, and pressure in the neck, jaw, shoulders, and back
- indigestion and heartburn
- sleep problems and daytime exhaustion
- dizziness
- heart palpitations
How do you feel when you have high cholesterol?
High cholesterol has no symptoms A blood test is the only way to detect if you have it
How do you reduce blood fat?
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- Reduce saturated fats Saturated fats, found primarily in red meat and full-fat dairy products, raise your total cholesterol
- Eliminate trans fats
- Eat foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids
- Increase soluble fiber
- Add whey protein
How does lipemia affect hemoglobin?
Lipemia interferes with hematology tests by the following mechanism by light scattering This affects the following results: Hemoglobin and hemoglobin-related indices: Results in falsely increased absorbance readings of hemoglobin, causing a falsely high measurement
What tests are affected by lipemia?
Conclusion: Lipemia causes clinically significant interferences for phosphorus, creatinine, total protein and calcium measurement and those interferences could be effectively removed by ultracentrifugation